Industrial and
Regional Clusters: Concepts and Comparative Applications
Edward
M. Bergman and Edward J.
Feser
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Åberg, Y. 1973.
Regional productivity differences in Swedish manufacturing. Regional Science
and Urban Economics 3: 131-55.
Amin, A., and K.
Robins. 1990. The re-emergence of regional economies? The mythical geography of
flexible accumulation. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 8:
7-34.
Amin, A., and K.
Robins. 1991. These are not Marshallian times. In Innovation Networks:
Spatial Perspectives, edited by R. Camagni, 105-18. London:
Belhaven.
Anderson, G. 1994.
Industry clustering for economic development. Economic Development
Review, Spring, 26-32.
Appold, S. J., and J.
P. Gant. 1993. Agglomeration and plant-level technological change. Draft,
School of Public Policy and Management, Carnegie Mellon University.
Arrow, K. J. 1962.
The economic implications of learning by doing. Review of Economic
Studies 29: 155-73.
Arthur, B. 1989.
Competing technologies, increasing returns, and lock-in by historical events.
Economic Journal 99: 116-31.
Arthur, B. 1990.
‘Silicon Valley’ locational clusters: When do increasing returns
imply Monopoly? Mathematical Social Sciences 19: 235-51.
Arthur, B. 1990.
Positive feedbacks in the economy. Scientific American, February,
92-9.
Asheim, B. T. 1997.
Industrial districts as ‘learning regions’: A condition for
prosperity. European Planning Studies 4 (4): 379-400.
Asheim, B. T., and A.
Isaksen. 1997. Location, agglomeration, and innovation: Towards regional
innovation systems in Norway? European Planning Studies 5 (3):
299-330.
Ballew, P. D., and R.
H. Schnorbus. 1994. Realignment in the auto supplier industry: the rippling
effects of Big Three restructuring, Economic Perspectives (Federal Reserve Bank
of Chicago), Jan/Feb, 2-9.
Becattini, G. 1978.
The development of light industry in Tuscany: An interpretation. Economic Notes
3: 107-23.
Beeson, P. 1987.
Total factor productivity growth and agglomeration economies in manufacturing:
1959-73. Journal of Regional Science 27: 183-99.
Beeson, P. 1990.
Sources of the decline of manufacturing in large metropolitan areas. Journal
of Urban Economics 28: 71-86.
Beeson, P. E., and S.
Husted. 1989. Patterns and determinants of productive efficiency in state
manufacturing. Journal of Regional Science 29: 15-28.
Begovi , B. 1991.
The Economic Approach to Optimal City Size. Oxford: Pergamon.
Bellandi, M. 1989.
The industrial district in Marshall. In Small Firms and Industrial Districts
in Italy, edited by E. Goodman and J. Bamford, 136-52. London:
Routledge.
Bellandi, M. 1996. On
entrepreneurship, region, and the constitution of scale and scope economies.
European Planning Studies 4 (4): 421-38.
Bellini, N. 1996.
Italian industrial districts: Evolution and change. European Planning
Studies 4 (1): 3-4.
Bergman E. M., E. J.
Feser, and S. Sweeney. 1996. Targeting North Carolina Manufacturing:
Understanding the State’s Economy Through Industrial Cluster Analysis. UNC
Institute for Economic Development, Chapel Hill.
Bergman, E. M., and
E. J. Feser. 1997. ‘Industrial, Regional or Spatial Clustering?’ OECD
Workshop Position Paper on Cluster Analyses and Cluster-based Policies
(Amsterdam, 10-11.10.97). Paris: OECD Industrial Cluster Focus
Group.
Bergman, E. M., and
P. Lehner. 1998. ‘Regional Industrial Clusters in Austria: Mapping and
Documentation for UNIDO Clients,’ IIR working paper, Vienna University of
Economics and Business. Individual clusters also available on UNIDO
webpage.
Bergman, E. M., E. J.
Feser, and S. Sweeney. 1997. Targeting North Carolina Manufacturing:
Understanding A State Economy Through National Industrial Cluster Analysis. IIR
Research Report 55. Vienna: Vienna University of Economics and Business. Also
available from North Carolina Alliance for Competititive Technologies, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
Bergman, E. M., E. J.
Feser, and J. Schare. 1995. Modern Production Practices and Needs: North
Carolina’s Transportation Equipment Manufacturers, Chapel Hill, NC, UNC
Institute for Economic Development.
Bergman, Edward M.
1998. "Industrial Trade Clusters in Action: Seeing Regional Economies Whole,"
in Michael Steiner (ed), Clusters and Regional Specialisation: On Geography,
Technology, and Networks, European Research in Regional Science, Vol 8.
London: Pion.
Bergman, Edward M.
1998. "Regional Economic Coherence and Industrial Trade Clusters," paper
presented at International Workshop on Theories of Regional Development, June
14-16, Uddevalla, Sweden.
Bergsman, J., P.
Greenston, and R. Healy. 1972. The agglomeration process in urban growth.
Urban Studies 9: 263-88.
Bergsman, J., P.
Greenston, and R. Healy. 1975. A classification of economic activities based on
location patterns. Journal of Urban Economics 2: 1-28.
Best, M. 1990. The
New Competition: Institutions of Industrial Restructuring. Cambridge: Polity
Press.
Boekholt P. 1997. The
public sector at arms length or in charge? Towards a typology of cluster
policies. Paper presented at OECD Workshop on Cluster Analysis and Cluster
Policies, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9-10 October.
Bohm, P. 1987.
External economies. In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Volume
2, edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, 261-3. London:
Macmillan.
Bopp, R., and P.
Gordon. 1977. Agglomeration economies and industrial economic linkages:
comment. Journal of Regional Science 17: 125-7.
Brusco, S. 1982. The
Emilian model: Productive decentralisation and social integration. Cambridge
Journal of Economics 6: 167-84.
Brusco, S. 1986.
Small firms and industrial districts: The experience of Italy. In New Firms
and Regional Development in Europe, edited by D. Keeble and E. Wever,
184-202. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm.
Burt, D. N. 1989.
Managing suppliers up to speed. Harvard Business Review 67:
127-35.
Carlino, G. A. 1978.
Economies of Scale in Manufacturing Location. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Social
Science Division.
Carlino, G. A. 1979.
Increasing returns to scale in metropolitan manufacturing. Journal of
Regional Science 19: 363-73.
Carlino, G. A. 1980.
Contrasts in agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh reconsidered. Urban
Studies 17: 343-51.
Carlino, G. A. 1982.
Manufacturing agglomeration economies as returns to scale, a production
function approach. Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Science Association
50: 95-108.
Carlino, G. A. 1987.
Comparisons of agglomeration: or what Chinitz really said: a reply. Urban
Studies 24: 75-6.
Carlsson, B. 1996.
Small business, flexible technology, and industrial dynamics. In Small Business
in the Modern Economy, edited by P. H. Admiraal, 63-125. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Carrillo, J. 1995.
Flexible production in the auto sector: Industrial reorganization at
Ford-Mexico. World Development 23: 87-101.
Cawthorne, P. M.
1995. Of networks and markets: The rise and rise of a South Indian town, the
example of Tiruppur’s cotton knitwear industry. World Development
23: 43-56.
Chinitz, B. 1961.
Contrasts in agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh. American Economic
Review 51 (2): 279-89.
Christopherson, S.,
and M. Storper. 1989. The effects of flexible specialization on industrial
politics and the labor market: The motion picture industry. Industrial and
Labor Relations Review 42: 331-47.
Coase, R. H. 1937.
The nature of the firm. Economica 4: 386-405.
Cortwright, J., and
A. Reamer. 1998. Socioeconomic Data for Understanding your Regional Economy.
Washington, DC: Economic Development Administration.
Czamanski S., and L.
A. Ablas. 1979. Identification of industrial clusters and complexes: a
comparison of methods and findings, Urban Studies 16, 61-80.
Czamanski, S. 1971.
Some empirical evidence of the strengths of linkages between groups of
industries in urban regional complexes. Papers of the Regional Science
Association 27: 137-50.
Czamanski, S. 1974.
Study of Clustering of Industries. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Institute of Public
Affairs.
Czamanski, S. 1976.
Study of Spatial Industrial Complexes. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Institute of
Public Affairs.
Czamanski, S., and L.
A. de Ablas. 1979. Identification of industrial clusters and complexes: a
comparison of methods and findings. Urban Studies 16: 61-80.
Dahmén, E.
1984. Schumpeterian dynamics. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organizations
5: 25-34.
Dahmén, E.
1988. ‘Development blocks’ in industrial economics. Scandinavian
Economic History Review 36: 3-14.
Darwent, D. 1969.
Growth poles and growth centres in regional planning: a review. Environment
and Planning 1: 5-31.
Davidson, K. M. 1992.
How should the US encourage innovation? Journal of Business Strategy,
March/April, 58-61.
DeBresson, C. 1996.
Economic Interdependence and Innovative Activity. Cheltenham, UK: Edward
Elgar.
DeBresson, C., and X.
Hu. 1997. Techniques to identify innovative clusters: A method and 8
instruments. Paper presented at OECD Workshop on Cluster Analysis and Cluster
Policies, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9-10 October.
Dieperink, H., and P.
Nijkamp. 1988. Innovative behaviour, agglomeration economies, and R & D
infrastructure. Empirical Economics 13: 37-57.
Dillon, W. R., and M.
Goldstein. 1984. Multivariate Analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New
York.
Doeringer, P. B., and
D. G. Terkla. 1995. Business strategy and cross-industry clusters. Economic
Development Quarterly 9 (3): 225-37.
Doeringer, P. B., and
D. G. Terkla. 1996. Why do industries cluster? In Business Networks:
Prospects for Regional Development, edited by U. H. Staber et al., Berlin,
Walter de Gruyter.
Drejer, I., F. S.
Kristensen, and K. Laursen. 1997. 'Studies of Clusters as a Basis for
Industrial and Technology Policy in the Danish Economy.' OECD Workshop Position
Paper on Cluster Analyses and Cluster-based Policies (Amsterdam, 10-11.10.97).
Paris: OECD Industrial Cluster Focus Group.
Duffy, N. E. 1988.
Returns-to-scale behavior and manufacturing agglomeration economies in U.S.
urban areas. Review of Regional Studies 18: 47-54.
Dumais, D., G.
Ellison, and E. L. Glaeser. 1997. ‘Geographic Concentration as a Dynamic
Process,’ NBER Working Paper No. 6270, Cambridge, MA.
Edel, M. 1972. Land
values and the costs of urban congestion: measurement and distribution. In
Political Economy of Environment: Problem of Method, 61-90. The Hague:
Mouton.
El-Shakhs, S. 1972.
Development, primacy and systems of cities. Journal of Developing Areas
7: 11-35.
Enright, M. J. 1996.
Regional clusters and economic development: A research agenda. In Business
Networks: Prospects for Regional Development, edited by U. H. Staber et
al., Berlin, Walter de Gruyter.
Evans, A. W. 1986.
Comparisons of agglomeration: or what Chinitz really said. Urban Studies
23: 387-9.
Executive Office of
the President Office of Management and Budget, Statistics Canada, Statistical
Office of the European Communities (n.d.). International Concordance between
the Industrial Classifications of The United Nations (ISIC Rev.3), and Canada
(1980 SIC), The European Union (NACE Rev.1), and The United States (1987 SIC).
Washington, DC: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
Feser, E. J. 1998.
"Old and new theories of industry clusters", in Clusters and Regional
Specialisation, edited by M. Steiner, pp. 18-40, London, Pion
Limited.
Feser, E. J. 1998.
Enterprises, external economies, and economic development. Journal of
Planning Literature 12 (3): 283-302.
Feser, E. J., and E.
M. Bergman. 1999. National industry clusters: Frameworks for state and regional
development policy. Forthcoming, Regional Studies.
Feser, E. J., and S.
H. Sweeney. 1999. A test for spatio-economic clustering. Forthcoming,
Journal of Geographical Systems.
Fine, C. H., R. St.
Clair, J. C. Lafrance, and D. Hillebrand. 1996. The U.S. Automobile
Manufacturing Industry. U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Technology
Policy, Washington, DC.
Florence, P. S. 1948.
Investment, Location, and Size of Plant. London: Cambridge University
Press.
Fogarty, M. S., and
G. A. Garofalo. 1978. An exploration of the real productivity effects of
cities. Review of Regional Studies 8: 65-82.
Fogarty, M. S., and
G. A. Garofalo. 1988. Urban spatial structure and productivity growth in the
manufacturing sector of cities. Journal of Urban Economics 23:
60-70.
Foss, N. J., and C.
Knudsen, eds. 1996. Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm. London:
Routledge.
Freeman, L. C. 1999.
Using molecular modeling software in social network analysis. School of Social
Sciences, University of California, Irvine. Copy available at
eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~lin/chem.html.
Fritz, O. M., H.
Mahringer, and M. T. Valderrama. 1998. A risk-oriented analysis of regional
clusters. In Clusters and Regional Specialization, edited by M. Steiner,
181-91. London: Pion.
Gertler, M. S. 1988.
The limits to flexibility: comments on the post-Fordist vision of production
and its geography. Trans. Institute of British Geographers 13:
419-32.
Gertler, M. S. 1993.
Implementing advanced manufacturing technologies in mature industrial regions:
Towards a social model of technology production. Regional Studies 27:
665-80.
Gilmour, J. M. 1974.
External economies of scale, inter-industrial linkages and decision making in
manufacturing. In Spatial Perspectives on Industrial Organization and
Decisionmaking, edited by F. E. I. Hamilton, 335-62. London: John Wiley and
Sons.
Glaeser, E. L. 1994.
Cities, information, and economic growth. Cityscape 1: 9-47.
Glaeser, E. L., H. D.
Kallal, J. A. Scheinkman and A. Shleifer. 1992. Growth in cities. Journal of
Political Economy 100: 1126-1152.
Glaeser, E. L., J. A.
Scheinkman, and A. Shleifer. 1995. Economic growth in a cross-section of
cities. Journal of Monetary Economics 36: 117-43.
Gold, B. 1981.
Changing perspectives on size, scale, and returns: an interpretive essay.
Journal of Economic Literature 19: 5-33.
Goldstein, G. S., and
T. J. Gronberg. 1984. Economies of scope and economies of agglomeration.
Journal of Urban Economics 16: 91-104.
Gollub, J., ET. AL.
1997. "Cluster-based economic development: A key to regional
competitiveness–case studies", Springfield, VA, National Technical
Information Service PB98-117088.
Gray, M., E. Golob,
and A. Markusen. 1996. Big firms, long arms, wide shoulders: The
‘Hub-and-Spoke’ industrial district in the Seattle region.
Regional Studies 30: 651-66.
Greytak, D., and P.
Blackley. 1985. Labor productivity and local industry size: further issues.
Southern Economic Journal 51: 1121-19.
Griliches, Z. 1992.
The search for R&D spillovers. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94
(Supplement): S29-S47.
Guthrie, J. A. 1955.
Economies of scale and regional development. Papers and Proceedings of the
Regional Science Association 1: J1-J10.
Hansen, E. R. 1990.
Agglomeration economies and industrial decentralization: the wage-productivity
trade-offs. Journal of Urban Economics 28: 140-59.
Hansen, N. 1991.
Factories in Danish fields: How high-wage, flexible production has succeeded in
peripheral Jutland. International Regional Science Review 14:
109-32.
Harrison, B. 1992.
Industrial districts: Old wine in new bottles? Regional Studies 26 (5):
469-83.
Hassink, R. 1997.
Localized industrial learning and innovation policies. European Planning
Studies 5 (3): 279-82.
Heidenreich, M. 1996.
Beyond flexible specialization: The rearrangement of regional production orders
in Emilia-Romagna and Baden-Württemberg. European Planning Studies 4 (4):
401-19.
Held, J. R. 1996.
Clusters as an economic development tool: Beyond the pitfalls. Economic
Development Quarterly 10 (3): 249-61.
Helper S. R. 1994.
Three steps forward, two steps back in automotive supplier relations,
Technovation 14, 633-40.
Helper, S. 1991. How
much has really changed between U.S. automakers and their suppliers? Sloan
Management Review, Summer, 15-28.
Helper, S. R. 1991.
Strategy and irreversibility in supplier relations: The case of the U.S.
automobile industry. Business History Review 65 (4): 781-824.
Helper, S. R. 1994.
Three steps forward, two steps back in automotive supplier relations.
Technovation 14: 633-40.
Henderson, J. V.
1986. Efficiency of resource usage and city size. Journal of Urban Economics
19: 47-70.
Henderson, J. V.
1996. Ways to think about urban concentration: Neoclassical urban systems
versus the new economic geography. International Regional Science Review
19: 31-6.
Henderson, V., A.
Kuncoro, and M. Turner. 1995. Industrial development in cities. Journal of
Political Economy 103: 1067-85.
Hewings, G. J., G. R.
Schindler, P. R. Israilevich, and M. Sonis. 1998. Agglomeration, clustering,
and structural change: Interpreting changes in the Chicago regional economy. In
Clusters and Regional Specialisation, edited by M. Steiner. London:
Pion.
Higgins, B. 1983.
From growth poles to systems of interactions in space. Growth and Change
14: 3-13.
Higgins, B., and D.
J. Savoie. 1995. Regional Development Theories and their Application. New
Brunswick: Transaction.
Hill, E. W., and J.
Brennan. 1998. "A methodology for identifying the drivers of industrial
clusters: The foundation of regional competitive advantage", forthcoming,
Economic Development Quarterly.
Hirschman, A. O.
1958. The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
Hirschman, A. O.
1987. Linkages. In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Volume 3,
edited by J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, 206-10. London:
Macmillan.
Holmes, J. 1986. The
organization and locational structure of production subcontracting. In
Production, Work, Territory, edited by A. J. Scott and M. Storper,
80-106. Boston: Allen and Unwin.
Hoover, E. M. 1937.
Location Theory and the Shoe and Leather Industries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Humphrey, J. 1995.
Introduction. World Development 23 (1): 1-7.
Hutschenreiter, G.
1994. Cluster Innovativer Aktivtäten in der Österreichischen
Industrie. Seibersdorf: Österreichisches Forschungszentrum.
Hyun J. 1994.
Buyer-supplier relations in the European automobile component industry, Long
Range Planning 27, 66-75.
Imrie, R., and J.
Morris. 1992. A review of recent changes in buyer-supplier relations,
International Journal of Management Science 20, 641-52.
Isaksen, A. 1997.
Regional clusters and competitiveness: The Norwegian case. European Planning
Studies 5 (1): 65-76.
Isard, W. 1956.
Location and Space Economy. New York: John Wiley.
Isard, W., et al.
1998. Methods of Interregional and Regional Analysis. Aldershot: Ashg ate.
Isserman, A. M. 1996.
It’s obvious, it’s wrong, anyway they said it years ago?
International Regional Science Review 19: 37-48.
Jacobs, D., and A-P
de Man. 1996. Clusters, industrial policy and firm strategy: A menu approach.
Technology Analysis and Strategic Management 8 (4): 425-37.
Jacobs, D., and M. W.
de Jong. 1992. Industrial clusters and the competitiveness of The Netherlands.
De Economist 140 (2): 233-52.
Jacobs, J. 1969. The
Economy of Cities. New York: Random House.
Jacobson, D., and B.
Andréosso-O’Callaghan. 1996. Industrial Economics and Organization:
A European Perspective. Berkshire: McGraw Hill.
Jaffe, A. B. 1989.
Real effects of academic research. American Economic Review 79:
957-70.
Jaffe, A. B., M.
Trajtenberg, and R. Henderson. 1993. Geographic localization of knowledge
spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quarterly Journal of Economics
108: 577-98.
Juoro, U. 1989. The
determinants of agglomeration economies in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Philippine Review of Economics and Business 26: 141-71.
Justman, M. 1995.
Infrastructure, growth and the dimensions of industrial policy. Review of
Economic Studies 62: 131-57.
Kanemoto, Y. 1990.
Optimal cities with indivisibility in production and interactions between
firms. Journal of Urban Economics 27: 46-59.
Karaska, G. J. 1969.
Manufacturing linkages and the Philadelphia economy: some evidence of external
agglomeration forces. Geographical Analysis 1: 354-69.
Kaufman, A., Gittell,
R., Merenda, M., Naumes, W., and C. Wood. 1994. Porter’s model for
geographic competitive advantage: The case of New Hampshire. Economic
Development Quarterly 8 (1): 43-66.
Kawashima, T. 1975.
Urban agglomeration economies in manufacturing industries. Papers and
Proceedings of Regional Science Association 43: 157-75.
Ke, S. 1995. Beyond
Capital and Labor: The Contributions of Technology and Regional Milieu to
Production and Productivity Growth. New York: Garland.
Keeble, D. E. 1969.
Local linkage and manufacturing growth in Outer London. Town Planning
Review 40: 163-88.
Keller, W. 1997.
‘Trade and the Transmission of Technology,’ NBER Working Paper No.
6113, Cambridge, MA.
Kirkpatrick, D. A.,
and K. Gavaghan. 1996. North Carolina Environmental Business Study. Prepared by
Kirkworks fo the North Carolina Environmental T
echnologies Consortium.
Klier, T. H. 1994.
The impact of lean manufacturing on sourcing relationships. Economic
Perspectives (Journal of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago), July/August,
8-18.
Knudsen, C. 1996. The
competence perspective: A historical review. In Towards a Competence Theory
of the Firm, edited by N. J. Foss and C. Knudsen, 13-37. London:
Routledge.
Kohn, M., and N.
Marion. 1992. The implications of knowledge-based growth for the optimality of
open capital markets. Canadian Journal of Economics 25:
865-83.
Krackhard, T. D., J.
Blythe, and C. Mcgrath. 1994. KrackPlot 3.0: An improved network drawing
program, Connections 17, 53-5.
Krackhardt, D., G.
Lundberg, and L. O’Rourke. 1993. KrackPlot: A picture’s worth a
thousand words, Connections 16, 37-47.
Krugman, P. 1990.
Rethinking International Trade. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Krugman, P. 1991.
Geography and Trade. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Krugman, P. 1996. Pop
Internationalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lagendijk, A., and D.
Charles. 1997. Clustering as new growth strategy for regional economies? A
discussion of new forms of regional industrial policy in the UK. Paper
presented at OECD Workshop on Cluster Analysis and Cluster Policies, Amsterdam,
Netherlands, 9-10 October.
Lamming, R. 1993.
Beyond Partnership: Strategies for Innovation and Lean Supply. Prentice Hall,
Hemel Hempstead.
Lazerson, M. 1988.
Organisational growth of small firms: An outcome of markets and hierarchies?
American Sociological Review 53: 330-42.
Lever, W. F. 1972.
Industrial movement, spatial association and functional linkages. Regional
Studies 6: 371-84.
Lever, W. F. 1974.
Manufacturing linkages and the search for supplies and markets. In Spatial
Perspectives on Industrial Organisation and Decision Making, edited by F.
E. I. Hamilton. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley.
Lichtenberg, R. M.
1960. One-tenth of a Nation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Liston, C. 1997.
‘Knitting Mills in North Carolina and Virginia,’ pp. 150-174, in
Regional Technology Strategies (1997).
Lucas, R. E., Jr.
1988. On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary
Economics 22 (1): 3-42.
Lundvall, B. 1996.
National systems of innovation and input-output analysis. In Economic
Interdependence and Innovative Activity, by C. DeBresson et al., 356-63.
Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Lundvall, B. 1999.
From Fordism to the globalising learning economy–implications for
innovation policy. Paper presented at the International Seminar on Learning
Economy: Innovation-Qualification-Employment, Renner Institut, Vienna, June 21,
1999.
Luria, D., R. J.
Cole, and A. Baum, with E. Wiardia, C. Treado, and M. Grueber. 1994. Journal
of Policy Analysis and Management 13: 571-80.
Maillat, D., and J.
Y. Vasserot. 1988. Economic and territorial conditions for indigenous revival
in Europe’s industrial regions. In High Technology Industry and
Innovative Environments, edited by P. Aydalot and D. Keeble, 163-83.
Andover: Routledge.
Maillat, D. 1991. The
innovation process and the role of the milieu. In Regions Reconsidered:
Economic Networks, Innovation, and Local Development, edited by E. M.
Bergman, G. Maier, and F. Todtling, 103-17. London: Mansell.
Malecki, E. J. 1997.
Technology and Economic Development. Essex: Addison Wesley Longman.
Malizia, E. E., and
E. J. Feser. 1998. Understanding Local Economic Development. Forthcoming,
Rutgers University Press.
Malmberg, A., and P.
Maskell. 1997. Towards an explanation of regional specialization and industry
agglomeration. European Planning Studies 5 (1): 25-41.
Marceau, J. 1997. The
disappearing trick: Clusters in the Australian economy. Paper presented at OECD
Workshop on Cluster Analysis and Cluster Policies, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9-10
October.
Marcus, M. 1965.
Agglomeration economies: a suggested approach. Land Economics 41:
279-84.
Markusen, A., and S.
O. Park. 1993. The state as industrial locator and district builder: the case
of Changwon, South Korea, Economic Geography 69, 157-81.
Markusen, A. 1996.
Interaction between regional and industrial policies: Evidence from four
countries. International Regional Science Review 19: 49-77.
Markusen, A. 1996.
Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of industrial districts.
Economic Geography 72: 293-313.
Marshall, A. 1961.
Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume. Ninth (Variorum) Edition (1st
Edition 1890). London: Macmillan.
Martin, R. 1990.
Flexible futures and post-Fordist places. Environment and Planning A 22:
1276-80.
Martin, R., and P.
Sunley. 1996. Paul Krugman’s geographical economics and its implications
for regional development theory: A critical assessment. Economic Geography
72 (3): 259-92.
Mera, K. 1973. On
urban agglomeration and economic efficiency. Economic Development and
Cultural Change 21: 309-37.
Meyer, D. R. 1977.
Agglomeration economies and urban-industrial growth: Clarification and review
of concepts. Regional Science Perspectives 7: 80-91.
Meyer-Stamer, J.
1995. Micro-level innovations and competitiveness, World Development 23,
143-8.
Meyer-Stamer, J.
1998. Path dependence and regional development: Persistence and change in three
industrial clusters in Santa Catarina, Brazil. World Development 26,
1495-1511.
Miller R. E., and P.
D. Blair. 1985. Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. Prentice
Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Moomaw, R. L. 1981.
Productivity and city size, a critique of the evidence. Quarterly Journal of
Economics 96: 675-88.
Moomaw, R. L. 1981.
Productive efficiency and region. Southern Economic Journal 48:
344-57.
Moomaw, R. L. 1983.
Spatial productivity variations in manufacturing: a critical survey of
cross-sectional analysis. International Regional Science Review 8:
1-22.
Moomaw, R. L. 1985.
Firm location and city size, reduced productivity advantages as a factor in the
decline of manufacturing in urban areas. Journal of Urban Economics 17:
73-89.
Moomaw, R. L. 1986.
Have changes in localization economies been responsible for declining
productivity advantages in large cities? Journal of Regional Science 26:
19-32.
Moomaw, R. L. 1988.
Agglomeration economies: localization or urbanization? Urban Studies 25:
150-61.
Moomaw, R. L., and M.
Williams. 1991. Total factor productivity in manufacturing: further evidence
from the states. Journal of Regional Science 31: 17-34.
Morfessis, I. T.
1994. A cluster-analytic approach to identifying and developing state target
industries: The case of Arizona. Economic Development Review, Spring,
33-7.
Murray, F. 1987.
Flexible specialisation in the Third Italy" Capital and Class 33:
84-95.
Myrdal, G. 1957.
Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions. New York: Harper and
Row.
Nakamura, R. 1985.
Agglomeration economies in urban manufacturing industries, a case of Japanese
cities. Journal of Urban Economics 17: 108-24.
Nelson, R. R. 1988.
Institutions supporting technical change in the United States. In Technical
Change and Economic Theory, edited by G. Dosi et al., pp. 312-29. London:
Pinter.
Nelson, R. R. 1993.
National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Study. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Newman, R. G. 1989.
Single sourcing: Short-term savings versus long-term problems. Journal of
Purchasing and Materials Management 25: 20-25.
Nicholson, N. 1978.
Differences in industrial production efficiency between urban and rural
markets. Urban Studies 15: 91-5.
Nourse, H. O. 1968.
Regional Economics: A Study of the Economic Structure, Stability, and Growth of
Regions. New York: McGraw Hill.
Ó
hUallacháin, B. 1989. Agglomeration of services in American metropolitan
areas. Growth and Change 20: 34-49.
Ó
hUallacháin, B., and M. A. Satterthwaite. 1992. Sectoral growth patterns
at the metropolitan level: an evaluation of economic development incentives.
Journal of Urban Economics 31: 25-58.
Ohlin, B. 1933.
Interregional and International Trade. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Ohmae, K. 1995. The
End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economies. New York: Free
Press.
Österreichisches
Statistisches Zentralamt. 1983. Arbeitsstättenzählung 1981 –
Hauptergebnisse Steiermark. Heft 650/6. Österreichische Staatsdruckerei:
Wien
Österreichisches
Statistisches Zentralamt. 1983. Arbeitsstättenzählung 1981 –
Hauptergebnisse Oberösterreich. Heft 650/4. Österreichische
Staatsdruckerei: Wien
Österreichisches
Statistisches Zentralamt. 1994. Arbeitsstättenzählung 1991 –
Hauptergebnisse Steiermark. Heft 1050/6. Österreichische Staatsdruckerei:
Wien
Österreichisches
Statistisches Zentralamt. 1994. Arbeitsstättenzählung 1991 –
Hauptergebnisse Oberösterreich. Heft 1050/4. Österreichische
Staatsdruckerei: Wien
Österreichisches
Statistisches Zentralamt. 1995. Systematik der Wirtschaftstätigkeiten
– ÖNACE 1995. Österreichische Staatsdruckerei: Wien
Panzar, J. C., and R.
D. Willig. 1981. Economies of scope. Papers and Proceedings of the American
Economic Association 71: 268-72.
Park, S. O. 1997.
Dynamics of new industrial districts and regional economic development, paper
presented at the 1997 International Symposium on Industrial Park Development
and Management, Taipei, Taiwan.
Park, S. O., and A.
Markusen. 1994. Generalizing new industrial districts: A theoretical agenda and
an application from a non-Western economy, Environment and Planning A
27, 81-104.
Park, S. O., and A.
Markusen. 1995. Generalizing new industrial districts: A theoretical agenda and
an application from a non-Western economy. Environment and Planning A 27
(1): 81-104.
Peneder, M. 1994.
Clusteranalyse und Sektorale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der
Österreichischen Industrie. Seibersdorf: Österreichisches
Forschungszentrum.
Peneder, M. 1995.
Cluster techniques as a method to analyze industrial competitiveness.
International Advances in Economic Research 1 (3): 295-303.
Peneder, M., and K.
Warta. 1997. Cluster analysis and cluster oriented policies in Austria. Paper
presented at OECD Workshop on Cluster Analysis and Cluster Policies, Amsterdam,
Netherlands, 9-10 October.
Perroux, F. 1950.
Economic space: theory and applications. Quarterly Journal of Economics
64: 89-104.
Perroux, F. 1988. The
pole of development’s new place in a general theory of economic activity.
In Regional Economic Development: Essays in Honour Francois Perroux,
edited by B. Higgins and D. J. Savoie, 48-76. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
Petrakos, G. C. 1992.
Urban concentration and agglomeration economies: re-examining the relationship.
Urban Studies 29: 1219-30.
Petrakos, G., and J.
Brada. 1989. Metropolitan concentration in developing countries. Kyklos 42:
557-78.
Piore, M. J., and C.
F. Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide. New York: Basic Books.
Polenske, K. R. 1997.
‘Competition, Collaboration, and Cooperation: An Uneasy Triangle in
Networks of Firms and Regions.’ Multiregional Planning Research Project
Working Paper. Cambridge, MA: MIT Department of Urban Studies and
Planning.
Pollert, A. 1988.
Dismantling flexibility. Capital and Class 34: 42-75.
Porter, M. E. 1990.
The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.
Porter, M. E. 1996.
Competitive advantage, agglomeration economies, and regional policy.
International Regional Science Review 19: 85-90.
Pratten, C. 1991. The
Competitiveness of Small Firms. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Rabellotti, R. 1993.
Industrial districts in Mexico--The case of the footwear industry. Small
Enterprise Development 4: 26-36.
Rabellotti, R. 1995.
Is there an ‘industrial district model’? Footwear districts in Italy
and Mexico compared. World Development 23: 29-41.
Redman, J. M. 1994.
Understanding State Economies Through Industry Studies. Washington, DC: Council
of Governors’ Policy Advisors.
Rees, J. 1989.
Regional development and policy. Progress in Human Geography 13:
576-88.
Regional Technology
Strategies. 1997. Exports, Competitiveness, and Synergy in Appalachian Industry
Clusters. Report to the Appalachian Regional Commission. Chapel Hill,
NC.
Richardson, H. W.
1973. Regional Growth Theory. London: Macmillan.
Richardson, H. W.
1974. Empirical aspects of regional growth in the United States. Annals of
Regional Science 8: 8-23.
Richter, C. E. 1969.
The impact of industrial linkages on geographic association. Journal of
Regional Science 9: 19-28.
Roberts, B., and R.
J. Stimson. 1998. Multi-sectoral qualitative analysis: A tool for assessing the
competitiveness of regions and formulating strategies for economic development.
Annals of Regional Science 32: 469-494.
Robinson, E. A. G.
[1931] 1958. The Structure of Competitive Industry. Digswell Place: James
Nesbit.
Rocca, C. A. 1970.
Productivity in Brazilian manufacturing. In Brazil: Industrialization and
Trade Policies. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.
Roelandt, T. J. A.,
and P. den Hertog, eds. 1998. Cluster Analyses & Cluster-Based Policy in
OECD-Countries. The Hague/Utrecht: OECD-TIP Group.
Roelandt, T. J. A.,
P. den Hertog, J. van Sinderen, and B. Vollaard. 1997. Cluster Analysis and
Cluster Policy in the Netherlands. OECD Workshop Position Paper on Cluster
Analyses and Cluster-based Policies (Amsterdam, 10-11.10.97). Paris: OECD
Industrial Cluster Focus Group.
Roelandt, T. J. A.,
and P. den Hertog. 1999. Cluster analysis and cluster-based policy making: the
state of the art. In Cluster Analysis and Cluster-based Policy: New
perspectives and Rationale in Innovation Policy, edited by T. Roelandt and
P. den Hertog. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development.
Roelandt, T. J. A.,
and P. den Hertog. 1999. Cluster analysis and cluster-based policy making in
OECD countries: Introduction to the theme. In Cluster Analysis and
Cluster-based Policy: New perspectives and Rationale in Innovation Policy,
edited by T. Roelandt and P. den Hertog. Paris: Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development, April 1999.
Roepke H., D. Adams,
and R. Wiseman. 1974. A new approach to the identification of industrial
complexes using input-output data, Journal of Regional Science 14,
15-29.
Romer, P. M. 1986.
Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy 94:
1002-37.
Rosenfeld, S. 1994.
Making Mountains Out of Molehills or Go with the Flow: Industrial Clusters and
Public Policy. Chapel Hill, NC: Regional Technology Strategies, Inc.
Draft.
Rosenfeld, S. A.
1992. Competitive Manufacturing: New Strategies for Regional Development. New
Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
Rosenfeld, S. 1995a.
Industrial Strength Strategies: Regional Business Clusters and Public Policy.
Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.
Rosenfeld, S. A.
1995b. Overachievers: Business Clusters that Work. Chapel Hill, NC: Regional
Technology Strategies, Inc.
Rosenfeld, S. A.
1997. Bringing business clusters into the mainstream of economic development.
European Planning Studies 5 (1): 3-23.
Rouvinen, P., and P.
Ylä-Antilla .1997. 'A Few Notes on Finnish Cluster Studies.' OECD Workshop
Position Paper on Cluster Analyses and Cluster-based Policies (Amsterdam,
10-11.10.97). Paris: OECD Industrial Cluster Focus Group.
Russo, M. 1985.
Technical change and the industrial district: The role of inter-firm relations
in the growth and transformation of ceramic tile production in Italy.
Research Policy 14: 329-43.
Sabel, C. F. 1982.
Work and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Saxenian, A. 1994.
Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sayer, A. 1990.
Post-Fordism in question. International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research 13: 666-95.
Schmitz, H. 1995.
Small shoemakers and Fordist giants: Tale of a supercluster. World
Development 23: 9-28.
Schoenberger E. 1987.
Technological and organizational change in automobile production: Spatial
implications. Regional Studies 21, 199-214.
Schoenberger, E.
1988. From Fordism to flexible accumulation: Technology, competitive
strategies, and international location. Environment and Planning D: Society
and Space 6: 245-62.
Schumpeter, J. 1934.
The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press.
Scitovsky, T. 1954.
Two concepts of external economies. Journal of Political Economy 62:
70-82.
Scott, A. J. 1986.
Industrial organization and location: Division of labor, the firm, and spatial
process. Economic Geography 63: 215-31.
Scott, A. J. 1988.
Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban Form. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Scott, A. J. 1992.
The collective order of flexible production agglomerations: Lessons for local
economic development policy and strategic choice. Economic Geography 68:
219-33.
Scott, A. J., and D.
Bergman. 1996. The industrial resurgence of California? In Business
Networks: Prospects for Regional Development, edited by U. H. Staber et
al., Berlin, Walter de Gruyter.
Scott, A. J., and A.
S. Paul. 1990. Collective order and economic coordination in industrial
agglomerations: The technopoles of Southern California. Environment and
Planning C: Government and Policy 8: 179-93.
Scott, A. J., and E.
C. Kwok. 1989. Inter-firm subcontracting and locational agglomeration: A case
study of the printed circuits industry in southern California. Regional
Studies 23: 405-16.
Scott, A. J., and M.
Storper. 1987. High technology industry and regional development: A theoretical
critique and reconstruction. International Social Science Review 112:
215-32.
Segal, D. 1976. Are
there returns to scale in city size? Review of Economics & Statistics
58: 339-50.
Shefer, D. 1973.
Localization economies in SMSAs: a production function analysis. Journal of
Regional Science 13: 55-64.
Signorini L. F. 1994.
The price of Prato, or measuring the industrial district effect, Papers in
Regional Science 73, 369-92.
Smith, D. F., and R.
Florida. 1994. Agglomeration and industrial location: an econometric analysis
of Japanese-affiliated manufacturing establishments in automotive-related
industries. Journal of Urban Economics 36: 23-41.
Solinas, G. 1982.
Labour market segmentation and workers’ careers: The case of the Italian
knitwear industry. Cambridge Journal of Economics 6: 331-52.
Steiner, M. 1998.
Clusters and Regional Specialisation, London, Pion Ltd.
Stenberg, L., and A-C
Strandell. 1997. 'An Overview of Cluster-related Studies and Policies in
Sweden.' OECD Workshop Position Paper on Cluster Analyses and Cluster-based
Policies (Amsterdam, 10-11.10.97). Paris: OECD Industrial Cluster Focus
Group.
Sternberg, E. 1991.
The sectoral cluster in economic development policy: Lessons from Rochester and
Buffalo, New York. Economic Development Quarterly 5 (4):
342-56.
Stigler, G. J. 1951.
The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market. Journal of
Political Economy 59: 185-93.
Storper, M., and B.
Harrison. 1991. Flexibility, hierarchy and regional development: The changing
structure of industrial production systems and their forms of governance in the
1990s. Research Policy 20: 407-22.
Stough, R. R. 1997.
Merging quantitative and expert response data in setting regional economic
development policy: Methodology and application. Paper presented at the
19th annual research conference of the Association for Public Policy
Analysis and Management, Washington, DC. Copy available at
policy.gmu.edu/cra/MSQA.html.
Streit, M. E. 1969.
Spatial associations and economic linkages between industries. Journal of
Regional Science 9: 177-88.
Streit, M. E. 1977.
Agglomeration economies and industrial linkage: a reply. Journal of Regional
Science 17: 129-30.
Sveikauskas, L. 1975.
The productivity of cities. Quarterly Journal of Economics 89:
393-413.
Sveikauskas, L., J.
Gowdy, and M. Funk. 1988. Urban productivity: city size or industry size.
Journal of Regional Science 28: 185-202.
Sveikauskas, L., P.
Townroe, and E. Hansen. 1985. Intraregional productivity differences in Sao
Paulo state manufacturing plants. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 121:
721-40.
Tabuchi, T. 1986.
Urban agglomeration, capital augmenting technology, and labor market
equilibrium. Journal of Urban Economics 20: 211-28.
Taylor, M. J. 1973.
Local linkage, external economies and the ironfoundry industry of West Midlands
and East Lancashire conurbations. Regional Studies 7:
387-400.
Tinsley, H. E. A.,
and D. J. Tinsley. 1987. Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology
research, Journal of Counseling Psychology 34, 414-24.
Tremblay, G. D. 1993.
Moving towards a value-added society: Quebec’s new economic development
strategy. Economic Development Review, Winter, 18-20.
U.S. Department of
Commerce. 1994. Benchmark Input-Output Accounts of the United States, 1987.
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Van der Laan, H. B.
M. 1997. Everything you always wanted to know about clusters, but were afraid
to ask. Opening address, OECD Workshop on Cluster Analysis and Cluster
Policies, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9-10 October.
Vernon, R. 1960.
Metropolis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Waits, M. J. 1995.
Preparing for global competition through „industrial clusters."
Spectrum, Summer, 34-7.
Wasserman, S., and K.
Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Weber, A. 1929.
Theory of the Location of Industries. Trans. C. J. Friedrich. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Weiss, A. 1994.
Österreich als Standort International Kompetitiver Cluster. Vienna:
Industriewissenschaftliches Institut, Vienna University of Economics and
Business.
Wheaton, W., and H.
Shishido. 1981. Urban concentration, agglomeration economies, and the level of
economic development. Economic Development and Cultural Change 30:
17-30.
Wheeler, D., and A.
Mody. 1992. International investment location decisions: the case of U.S.
firms. Journal of International Economics 33: 57-76.
Williamson, O. 1975.
Markets and Hierarchies. New York: The Free Press.
Williamson, O. 1985.
The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York: The Free Press.
Wilson, P. A. 1990.
The new maquiladoras: Flexible production in low-wage regions. In The
Maquiladora Industry: Economic Solution or Problem, edited by K. Fatemi.
New York: Praeger.
Young, A. 1928.
Increasing returns and economic progress. Economic Journal 38:
527-42.
Zeisset, P. T., and
M. E. Wallace. 1997. How NAICS will affect data users, Economic Planning and
Coordination Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington,
DC. |
