APPENDIX 1.A.

APPENDIX 1.A.
ALTERNATIVE LAND USE-COVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

A. AN INITIAL APPROACH TO AN INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR
CLASIFICATION OF LAND USES

LEVEL I Degree of modificationSource: Chapin and Kaiser (1979)	LEVEL II Functional land use	LEVEL III Biophysical land use
Uses based on natural ecosystem	Not used
	Conservation Total conservation Partial conservation
	Collection	Plant products Animal products Plant and animal products
Uses based on mixed natural and managed ecosystems	Agrosilvopastoralism	Forest products, cropping, livestock, and aquaculture on the same holding
	Production forestry	Management of natural forests Management of planted forests
	Livestock production	Nomadic grazing Extensive grazing Intensive livestock production Confined livestock production
Uses based on managed ecosystems	Arable cropping	Shifting cultivation Sedentary cultivation, temporary cropping Sedentary cultivation, permanent cropping Wetland cultivation Covered crop production
	Mixed livestock and crop production
	Fisheries production	Fishing Aquaculture
	Recreation
	Mineral extraction	Mining Quarrying
Settlement and related uses	Settlement	Residential Commercial Industrial Infrastructure
	Uses restricted by security

Source: FAO (1995)

B. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LAND USE AND LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM FOR USE WITH REMOTE SENSOR DATA

	LEVEL I	LEVEL II
1	Urban or built up land	Residential Commercial and services Transportation, communications, and utilities Industrial and commercial complexes Mixed urban or built-up land Other urban or built-up land
2	Agricultural land	Cropland and pasture Orchards, groves, vineyards, nurseries, and ornamental horticultural areas Confined feeding operations Other agricultural land
3	Rangeland	Herbaceous rangeland Shrub-Bushland rangeland Mixed rangeland
4	Forest land	Deciduous forest land Evergreen forest land Mixed forest land
5	Water	Streams and canals Lakes Reservoirs Bays and estuaries
6	Wetland	Forest wetland Nonforested wetlands
7	Barren land	Dry salt flats Beaches Sandy areas other than beaches Bare exposed rock Strip mines, quarries, and gravel pits Transitional areas Mixed barren land
8	Tundra	Shrub and bush tundra Herbaceous tundra Bare ground tundra Wet tundra Mixed tundra
9	Perennial snow and ice	Perennial snowfields Glaciers

Source: Kleckner (1981)

C. CLASSIFICATION FOR LAND USE STATISTICS:
EUROSTAT REMOTE SENSING PROGRAMME (VERSION 1.1)

LEVEL I		LEVEL II		LEVEL III		LEVEL IV
A	MAN-MADE	A1	RESIDENTIAL AREAS	A11	RESIDENTIAL AREAS	A111	Continuous and dense residential areas
	AREAS		PUBLIC SERVICES			A112	Continuous residential areas of moderate density
						A113	Discontinuous residential areas of moderate density
						A114	Isolated residential areas
						A115	Collective residential areas
				A12	PUBLIC SERVICES, LOCAL AUTHORITIES	A120	Public services, local authorities
		A2	INDUSTRIAL	A20	INDUSTRIAL OR	A201	Heavy industry
			OR COMMERCIAL		COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES	A202	Manufacturing industrial activities
			ACTIVITIES			A203	Commercial and financial activities and services
						A204	Agricultural holdings
		A3	TECHNICAL AND	A31	TECHNICAL INFRA-	A311	Technical networks, protective structures
			TRANSPORT		STRUCTURES	A312	Water and waste treatment
			INFRA-	A32	TRANSPORT	A321	Road transport
			STRUCTURES			A322	Rail networks
						A323	Airports and aerodromes
						A324	River and maritime transport
		A4	EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES,	A41	EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES	A410	Extractive industries
			BUILDING SITES, TIPS AND	A42	BUILDING SITES TIPS AND WASTELAND	A421	Building sites
			WASTELAND			A422	Tips
						A423	Wasteland
		A5	LAND	A50	LAND	A501	Cultural sites
			DEVELOPED		DEVELOPED FOR	A502	Sport facilities
			FOR RECREATIONAL PURPOSES		RECREATIONAL PURPOSES	A503	Green or leisure areas
B	UTILIZED AGRI-CULTURAL AREAS	B1	TILLED AND FALLOW LAND	B11	CEREALS	B110	Cereals
				B12	ROOT AND	B121	Root crops
					INDUSTRIAL CROPS	B122	Non-permanent industrial crops
				B13	VEGETABLES	B131	Dry pulses
					AND FLOWERS	B132	Fresh vegetables
						B133	Floriculture
				B14	FALLOW LAND incl. GREEN MANURE	B140	Fallow land including green manure

(CONTINUED)

LEVEL I		LEVEL II		LEVEL III		LEVEL IV
		B2	AREAS UNDER GRASS USED	B21	TEMPORARY AND ARTIFICIAL GRAZING	B210	Temporary and artificial grazing
			FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES	B22	PERMANENT PASTURES AND GRAZING	B220	Permanent pastures and grazing
				B23	ROUGH GRAZINGS	B230	Rough grazings
		B3	PERMANENT CROPS	B31	FRUIT TREES AND BERRIES	B310	Fruit trees and berries
				B32	CITRUS FRUITS	B320	Citrus fruits
				B33	OLIVE TREES	B330	Olive trees
				B34	VINES	B340	Vines
				B35	NURSERIES	B350	Nurseries
				B36	PERMANENT INDUSTRIAL CROPS	B360	Permanent industrial crops
C	FORESTS	C1	WOODED FOREST AREAS	C11	DECIDUOUS TREES	C110	Deciduous trees
				C12	SCLEROPHYLLOUS TREES	C120	Sclerophyllous trees
				C13	CONIFERS	C130	Conifers
				C14	INTENSIVELY MANAGED PLANTATIONS	C140	Intensively managed plantations
		C2	NON-WOODED FOREST AREAS	C21	CLEAR-CUT ZONES	C210	Clear-cut zones
				C22	OTHER UNPRODUCTIVE FORESTRY AREAS	C220	Other unproductive forestry areas
D	BUSH OR HERBA-CEOUS AREAS	D1	BUSHES	D10	BUSHES	D101	Bushy areas in temperate, mountainous and arctic regions
						D102	Xerophyte bushes
				D20	HERBACEOUS VEGETATION	D201	Grassland in temperate, mountainous and arctic regions
						D202	Steppes and dry meadows
E	SURFACES	E0	SURFACES	E01	BARE SOILS	E011	Rocks and scree
	WITH		WITH LITTLE			E012	Dunes and beaches
	LITTLE OR NO		OR NO VEGETATION	E02	GLACIERS AND ETERNAL SNOW	E020	Glaciers and eternal snow
	VEGETAT.			E03	BURNT AREAS	E030	Burnt areas
F	WET	F1	WET SURFACES	F10	WET SURFACES	F101	Bogs and marshes
	SURFACES					F102	Moors
	AND					F103	Other wet areas
	SURFACES UNDER	F2	INLAND WATERS	F20	INLAND WATERS	F201	Inland water courses and bodies of water
	WATER					F202	Ponds for fish
		F3	COASTAL	F30	COASTAL WATERS	F301	Estuaries, lagoons
			WATERS			F302	Bodies of water with fish or shellfish

Source: Beale (1997)

D. ILLUSTRATIVE MAJOR URBAN LAND USE CATEGORIES FOR
GENERALIZED AND DETAILED LAND USE MAP PRESENTATIONS

*Generalized presentations by ground areas*
Residence
Low density	yellow
Medium density	orange
High density	brown
Retail business	red
Transportation, utilities, communications --	ultramarine
Industrial and related uses	indigo blue
Wholesale and related uses	purple
Public buildings and open spaces	green
Institutional buildings and areas	grey
Vacant or nonurban use	uncolored
*Detailed presentations by building space use and open air use*
Residence
Low density	yellow
Medium density	orange
High density	brown
Retail business	red
Local business uses
Central business uses
Regional shopping centers
Highway service uses
Transportation, utilities, communications --	ultramarine
Industrial and related uses	indigo blue
Extensive
Intermediate
Intensive
Wholesale and related uses	purple
Public buildings and open spaces	green
Institutional buildings and areas	grey
Vacant or nonurban use	uncolored

Source: Chapin and Kaiser (1979)

E. ILLUSTRATIVE SUMMARY OF LAND USES
FOR AN URBAN AREA OF 100,000

	Total planning area			Inside city limits			Outside city limits
Class of use	Acres	% of total land	% of developed area	Acres	% of total land	% of developed area	Acres	% of total land	% of developed area
All residential
* One-family
* Two-family
* Multifamily
Retail business
Wholesale and other
Industrial
Transportation and utilities
Streets and railroad right-of-way
All public * Public * Military
Institutional
Vacant and nonurban
Water areas
Natural open space
Other

Source: Chapin and Kaiser (1979)

F. ILLUSTRATIVE SUMMARY FOR LAND USE IN
SELECTED ACTIVITIES AND SUBCATEGORIES FOR A METROPOLITAN REGION

	Region as a whole		Central city		Suburban City A, Etc.		Sector A		Suburban City B, Etc.
Activity and subcategory	Acres	% of developed area	Acres	% of developed area	Acres	% of developed area	Acres	% of developed area	Acres	% of developed area
Extraction
Processing
* Industry group A
* Industry group B
etc.
Transportation
* Railroads
* Highways and streets
* Electric, gas, sanitation
etc.
Distribution
* wholesale
* retail
Services
* Firm headqus
* Finance, insurance, real estate
* Amusements, hotels, etc.
* Personal
etc.
Human development
* Education
* Cultural facilit.
* Recreation
* Protective and misc. gov’t services
* Welfare organiz.
etc.
Residential
* Density Group A
* Density Group B
etc.
No activity
* Open space
* Other

Source: Chapin and Kaiser (1979)